Quantitative research is - Importance of quantitative research. In physical and anthropological sciences or other distinct fields, quantitative research is methodical experimental research of noticeable events via analytical, numerical, or computational methods. The purpose of quantitative analysis is to improve and apply numerical principles, methods, and theories about ...

 
Descriptive research methods. Descriptive research is usually defined as a type of quantitative research, though qualitative research can also be used for descriptive purposes. The research design should be carefully developed to ensure that the results are valid and reliable. Surveys. Enhanced defense 5eandampsauandampved2ahukewjrg_2kjpabaxufm2ofhxf2b2mqfnoecagqagandampusgaovvaw3la_jjzd39lwpvmtmwikbd

There are two significant types of survey questionnaires used to collect online data for quantitative market research. Web-based questionnaire: This is one of the ruling and most trusted methods for internet-based research or online research. In a web-based questionnaire, the receive an email containing the survey link, clicking on which takes ...Quantitative research is an integral part of market research that relies on hard facts and numerical data to gain an objective picture of people’s opinions as possible. Quantitative research differs from qualitative research in several important ways and is a highly useful tool for researchers.Qualitative vs Quantitative Research. Quantitative Research is used to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into useable statistics. It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and other defined variables – and generalize results from a larger sample population.Quantitative research methods are concerned with the planning, design, and implementation of strategies to collect and analyze data. Descartes, the seventeenth-century philosopher, suggested that how the results are achieved is often more important than the results themselves, as the journey taken along the research path is a journey of discovery.Qualitative vs quantitative: Qualitative research methods focus on words and meanings, while quantitative research methods focus on numbers and statistics. Is your research more concerned with measuring something or interpreting something? You can also create a mixed methods research design that has elements of both.The purpose of quantitative research is to attain greater knowledge and understanding of the social world. Researchers use quantitative methods to observe situations or events that affect people. 1 Quantitative research produces objective data that can be clearly communicated through statistics and numbers. We do this in a systematic scientific ...Quantitative research is a systematic study of the phenomenon. It is a type of research that includes a collection of numerical data. In such kind of research, the researcher generally uses statistical and mathematical techniques for analyzing the information. In Quantitative research, the researcher collects facts from existing and potential ...Qualitative Observation is a process of research that uses subjective methodologies to gather systematic information or data. Since, the focus on qualitative observation is the research process of using subjective methodologies to gather information or data.√ Quantitative True Intent Studies √ Card Sort / Tree Test √ Custom Quantitative Studies √ Open Web Research √ Surveys √ Max-Diff. Quantitative Research & Analysis can be helpful at any stage. It’s important to pick the right methodologies for each stage. There are many different types of Quantitative Analysis.One way to examine research methods is by considering some of the assumptions behind them: Assumptions underlying quantitative methods. Some general assumptions are characteristic of quantitative research: reality is objective, “out there,” and independent of the researcher; reality is something that can be studied objectively;Quantitative research is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data to describe, predict, or control variables of interest. This type of research helps in testing the causal relationships between variables, making predictions, and generalizing results to wider populations. The purpose of quantitative research is to test a predefined ...Let’s explore these five types of quantitative research in detail. 1. Descriptive Research Design. Descriptive research is used to understand a phenomenon, a situation, or a population. Unlike experimental research, descriptive research does not involve the manipulation of certain variables.While quantitative research is based on numbers and mathematical calculations (aka quantitative data ), qualitative research is based on written or spoken narratives (or qualitative data ). Qualitative and quantitative research techniques are used in marketing, sociology, psychology, public health and various other disciplines.Six key characteristics of quantitative research: It deals with numbers to assess information. Data can be measured and quantified. It aims to be objective. Findings can be evaluated using statistical analysis. It represents complex problems through variables. Results can be summarized, compared, or generalized.Quantitative research is an integral part of market research that relies on hard facts and numerical data to gain an objective picture of people’s opinions as possible. Quantitative research differs from qualitative research in several important ways and is a highly useful tool for researchers.Qualitative research is a methodology designed to collect non-numerical data to gain insights. It is non-statistical and unstructured or semi-structured. It relies on data collected based on a research design that answers the question “why.”. Qualitative data collects information that seeks to describe a topic more than measure it.INTRODUCTION. Scientific research is usually initiated by posing evidenced-based research questions which are then explicitly restated as hypotheses.1,2 The hypotheses provide directions to guide the study, solutions, explanations, and expected results.3,4 Both research questions and hypotheses are essentially formulated based on conventional theories and real-world processes, which allow the ...Quantitative research is a way to learn about a particular group of people, known as a sample population. Using scientific inquiry, quantitative research relies on data that are observed or measured to examine questions about the sample population. Allen, M. (2017). The SAGE encyclopedia of communication research methods (Vols. 1-4).Quantitative research involves collecting and analyzing numerical data. It is ideal for identifying trends and averages, making predictions, testing relationships, and generalizing results for large populations. Quantitative Research Design & Methods Topics Types of quantitative research Measurement Fundamentals Concepts and construct validity Levels of measurement Research Validity Quantitative Research Measurement Fundamentals A key difference is that normal science deals with concepts that are well defined and to great extent standardized measures (e.g. speed, distance, volume, weight, size, etc.)Quantitative Research. Quantitative research is a type of research that collects and analyzes numerical data to test hypotheses and answer research questions.This research typically involves a large sample size and uses statistical analysis to make inferences about a population based on the data collected.Quantitative research is useful in order to gain an understanding of the underlying opinions, motivations, and reasons. It gives insights into the problems. Also, quantitative research helps to develop ideas and hypotheses, whereas qualitative research is useful in uncovering trends, ideas and opinions, and gives deeper insights into the problem.Quantitative research is faster than other methods. Quantitative research can capture vast amounts of data far quicker than other research activities. The ability to work in real-time allows analysts to immediately begin incorporating new insights and changes into their work - dramatically reducing the turn-around time of their projects.Apr 1, 2015 · Abstract This article describes the basic tenets of quantitative research. The concepts of dependent and independent variables are addressed and the concept of measurement and its associated issues, such as error, reliability and validity, are explored. The term quantitative research refers to the techniques, strategies, and assumptions used to study various processes. The objective of a quantitative research study is to determine the relationship between an independent variable and an outcome or dependent variable within a population. Quantitative research methods may include a sample ...Quantitative research is widely used in the field of social science. Especially in psychology, marketing, sociology, political science, health, and human development. It is also used in the field of mathematics and physics. Quantitative research is done to create a cause-and-effect relationship between different variables.Quantitative research is an integral part of market research that relies on hard facts and numerical data to gain an objective picture of people’s opinions as possible. Quantitative research differs from qualitative research in several important ways and is a highly useful tool for researchers.Quantitative Research. Quantitative research is a type of research that collects and analyzes numerical data to test hypotheses and answer research questions.This research typically involves a large sample size and uses statistical analysis to make inferences about a population based on the data collected.Here’s a more detailed point-by-point comparison between the two types of research: 1. Goal or Aim of the Research. The primary aim of a Qualitative Research is to provide a complete, detailed description of the research topic. It is usually more exploratory in nature. Quantitative Research on the other hand focuses more in counting and ...Quantitative research is a systematic investigation of collecting quantifiable data through statistical, computational or mathematical techniques. Quantitative research gathers data from the potential and existing customers via sampling methods like surveys, polls, and questionnaires. The result can be depicted in the numerical form.Quantitative research is the most common research framework in the social sciences. While other research frameworks, such as qualitative research, can be subjective, quantitative research is more objective. It studies processes through numbers, and often, the goal of the research is to produce statistics. The information researchers collect ...This quantitative methodology involves the measurement and examination of variables in order to arrive at conclusive outcomes. This method entails the use of numerical data, and the application of ...Quantitative data is data that can be quantified. It can be counted or measured, and given a numerical value. Quantitative data lends itself to statistical analysis, while qualitative data is grouped according to themes. Quantitative data can be discrete or continuous.Quantitative research, in contrast to qualitative research, deals with data that are numerical or that can be converted into numbers. The basic methods used to investigate numerical data are called ‘statistics’. Statistical techniques are concerned with the organisation, analysis, interpretation and presentation of numerical data.Quantitative research is a systematic study of the phenomenon. It is a type of research that includes a collection of numerical data. In such kind of research, the researcher generally uses statistical and mathematical techniques for analyzing the information. In Quantitative research, the researcher collects facts from existing and potential ...The term quantitative research refers to the techniques, strategies, and assumptions used to study various processes. The objective of a quantitative research study is to determine the relationship between an independent variable and an outcome or dependent variable within a population. Quantitative research methods may include a sample ...Quantitative research methods. a method of research that relies on measuring variables using a numerical system, analyzing these measurements using any of a variety of statistical models, and reporting relationships and associations among the studied variables.Some distinctive characteristics of descriptive research are: Quantitative research: It is a quantitative research method that attempts to collect quantifiable information for statistical analysis of the population sample. It is a popular market research tool that allows us to collect and describe the demographic segment’s nature.The purpose of quantitative research is to attain greater knowledge and understanding of the social world. Researchers use quantitative methods to observe situations or events that affect people. 1 Quantitative research produces objective data that can be clearly communicated through statistics and numbers. We do this in a systematic scientific ...Quantitative research deals in numbers, logic, and an objective stance. Quantitative research focuses on numeric and unchanging data and detailed, convergent reasoning rather than divergent reasoning [i.e., the generation of a variety of ideas about a research problem in a spontaneous, free-flowing manner]. Its main characteristics are:Quantitative research is an integral part of market research that relies on hard facts and numerical data to gain an objective picture of people’s opinions as possible. Quantitative research differs from qualitative research in several important ways and is a highly useful tool for researchers.Quantitative research data tends to be used when researchers are interested in understanding a particular moment in time and examining data sets over time to find trends and patterns. The difference between quantitative and qualitative research methodology. While qualitative research is defined as data that supplies non-numerical information ...Qualitative Observation is a process of research that uses subjective methodologies to gather systematic information or data. Since, the focus on qualitative observation is the research process of using subjective methodologies to gather information or data.Key points regarding survey research:In the survey research, the users raised various queries; therefore, the quantitative analysis was also done on the same basis.For conducting the survey research analysis, longitudinal and cross-sectional surveys are performed.The longitudinal survey research applies to the population at different time durations.Quantitative data is data that can be quantified. It can be counted or measured, and given a numerical value. Quantitative data lends itself to statistical analysis, while qualitative data is grouped according to themes. Quantitative data can be discrete or continuous.One way to examine research methods is by considering some of the assumptions behind them: Assumptions underlying quantitative methods. Some general assumptions are characteristic of quantitative research: reality is objective, “out there,” and independent of the researcher; reality is something that can be studied objectively;Qualitative vs Quantitative Research; QUAL ITATIVE QUANT ITATIVE; Methods include focus groups, unstructured or in-depth interviews, and reviews of documents for types of themes: Surveys, structured interviews, measurements & observations, and reviews of records or documents for numeric or quantifiable informationQuantitative research is a research strategy that focuses on quantifying the collection and analysis of data. [1] It is formed from a deductive approach where emphasis is placed on the testing of theory, shaped by empiricist and positivist philosophies. [1]Qualitative research is a methodology designed to collect non-numerical data to gain insights. It is non-statistical and unstructured or semi-structured. It relies on data collected based on a research design that answers the question “why.”. Qualitative data collects information that seeks to describe a topic more than measure it.2.Research is the process of making claims and then refining or aban - doning some of them for other claims more strongly warranted. Most quantitative research, for example, starts with the test of a theory. 3.Data, evidence, and rational considerations shape knowledge. In practice, the researcher collects information on instruments basedQuantitative research is ‘Explaining phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analysed using mathematically based methods (in particu- lar statistics)’. Let’s go through this definition step by step. The first element is explaining phenomena. This is a key element of all research, be it quantitative or quali- tative. No matter the field of study, all research can be divided into two distinct methodologies: qualitative and quantitative research. Both methodologies offer education researchers important insights. Education research assesses problems in policy, practices, and curriculum design, and it helps administrators identify solutions.The sample size is central in quantitative research, as the findings should be able to be generalised for the wider population.10 The data analysis can be done manually or more complex analyses performed using computer software sometimes with advice of a statistician. From this analysis, results like mode, mean, median, p value, CI and so on ...Quantitative research data tends to be used when researchers are interested in understanding a particular moment in time and examining data sets over time to find trends and patterns. The difference between quantitative and qualitative research methodology. While qualitative research is defined as data that supplies non-numerical information ...Apr 12, 2019 · Quantitative research Quantitative research is expressed in numbers and graphs. It is used to test or confirm theories and assumptions. This type of research can be used to establish generalizable facts. about a topic. Common quantitative methods include experiments, observations recorded as numbers, and surveys with closed-ended questions. Qualitative research involves the studied use and collection of a variety of empirical materials – case study, personal experience, introspective, life story, interview, observational, historical, interactional, and visual texts – that describe routine and problematic moments and meanings in individuals’ lives.Quantitative Research. Quantitative research is a type of research that collects and analyzes numerical data to test hypotheses and answer research questions.This research typically involves a large sample size and uses statistical analysis to make inferences about a population based on the data collected.For the quantitative data, the validity and reliability of the research instrument or questionnaire had to be considered (Heale & Twycross, 2015). The term validity explains how well the data ...Qualitative research is a methodology designed to collect non-numerical data to gain insights. It is non-statistical and unstructured or semi-structured. It relies on data collected based on a research design that answers the question “why.”. Qualitative data collects information that seeks to describe a topic more than measure it.Some distinctive characteristics of descriptive research are: Quantitative research: It is a quantitative research method that attempts to collect quantifiable information for statistical analysis of the population sample. It is a popular market research tool that allows us to collect and describe the demographic segment’s nature.Some distinctive characteristics of descriptive research are: Quantitative research: It is a quantitative research method that attempts to collect quantifiable information for statistical analysis of the population sample. It is a popular market research tool that allows us to collect and describe the demographic segment’s nature.Mixed methods research combines elements of quantitative research and qualitative research in order to answer your research question. Mixed methods can help you gain a more complete picture than a standalone quantitative or qualitative study, as it integrates benefits of both methods. Mixed methods research is often used in the behavioral ...Quantitative research is based on structure and uses experiments and surveys as methods. In addition, it is deductive in nature and uses statistical sampling methods. In contrast, qualitative research is described as an action research using observation and interview methods. It is inductive in nature and depends on the purposeful selection of ...Qualitative vs Quantitative Research. Quantitative Research is used to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into useable statistics. It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and other defined variables – and generalize results from a larger sample population.Descriptive research methods. Descriptive research is usually defined as a type of quantitative research, though qualitative research can also be used for descriptive purposes. The research design should be carefully developed to ensure that the results are valid and reliable. SurveysEntries cover every step of the research process, from the creative development of research topics and questions to literature reviews, selection of best methods (whether quantitative, qualitative, or mixed) for analyzing research results and publishing research findings, whether in traditional media or via new media outlets.While, “Quantitative research is a formal, objective, and systematic process in which numerical data are used to obtain information about the world” (Burns & Grove, 2006, p. 35). The example of quantitative research question: what is the prevalence of drug abuse in Pakistan”?Quantitative research is based on structure and uses experiments and surveys as methods. In addition, it is deductive in nature and uses statistical sampling methods. In contrast, qualitative research is described as an action research using observation and interview methods. It is inductive in nature and depends on the purposeful selection of ...No matter the field of study, all research can be divided into two distinct methodologies: qualitative and quantitative research. Both methodologies offer education researchers important insights. Education research assesses problems in policy, practices, and curriculum design, and it helps administrators identify solutions.Quantitative research is the methodology which researchers use to test theories about people’s attitudes and behaviors based on numerical and statistical evidence. Researchers sample a large number of users (e.g., through surveys) to indirectly obtain measurable, bias-free data about users in relevant situations.This article describes the basic tenets of quantitative research. The concepts of dependent and independent variables are addressed and the concept of measurement and its associated issues, such as error, reliability and validity, are explored. Experiments and surveys – the principal research designs in quantitative research – are described ...Quantitative Market Research is a technique to ask questions to the target audience in an organized manner using surveys, polls or questionnaires. Received responses can be analyzed to make well-thought decisions for improving products and services, that will in turn help increase respondent satisfaction levels.√ Quantitative True Intent Studies √ Card Sort / Tree Test √ Custom Quantitative Studies √ Open Web Research √ Surveys √ Max-Diff. Quantitative Research & Analysis can be helpful at any stage. It’s important to pick the right methodologies for each stage. There are many different types of Quantitative Analysis.In the world of research, across many different research fields, there are two main approaches that researchers employ: qualitative and quantitative research. In this article, we will explore the key differences between qualitative and quantitative research and look at what the main differences are, including their respective strengths and weaknesses, as well as some common methods used in ...2.Research is the process of making claims and then refining or aban - doning some of them for other claims more strongly warranted. Most quantitative research, for example, starts with the test of a theory. 3.Data, evidence, and rational considerations shape knowledge. In practice, the researcher collects information on instruments basedINTRODUCTION. Scientific research is usually initiated by posing evidenced-based research questions which are then explicitly restated as hypotheses.1,2 The hypotheses provide directions to guide the study, solutions, explanations, and expected results.3,4 Both research questions and hypotheses are essentially formulated based on conventional theories and real-world processes, which allow the ...Qualitative research is very different in nature when compared to quantitative research. It takes an established path towards the research process, how research questions are set up, how existing theories are built upon, what research methods are employed, and how the findings are unveiled to the readers. You may adopt conventional methods ...Quantitative research methods are concerned with the planning, design, and implementation of strategies to collect and analyze data. Descartes, the seventeenth-century philosopher, suggested that how the results are achieved is often more important than the results themselves, as the journey taken along the research path is a journey of discovery.A quantitative approach was seen as the best method to reach a large portion of the targeted population. According to Adedoyin (2020), quantitative research is known as the study of phenomena ...Key points regarding survey research:In the survey research, the users raised various queries; therefore, the quantitative analysis was also done on the same basis.For conducting the survey research analysis, longitudinal and cross-sectional surveys are performed.The longitudinal survey research applies to the population at different time durations.Key points regarding survey research:In the survey research, the users raised various queries; therefore, the quantitative analysis was also done on the same basis.For conducting the survey research analysis, longitudinal and cross-sectional surveys are performed.The longitudinal survey research applies to the population at different time durations.This quantitative methodology involves the measurement and examination of variables in order to arrive at conclusive outcomes. This method entails the use of numerical data, and the application of ...Quantitative research is a way to conduct studies and examine data for trends and patterns. Researchers using quantitative methods often attempt to interpret the meaning of the data to find potential causal relationships between different variables. If you want to work in research, understanding this style can help you study issues through data ...A quantitative approach was seen as the best method to reach a large portion of the targeted population. According to Adedoyin (2020), quantitative research is known as the study of phenomena ...For the quantitative data, the validity and reliability of the research instrument or questionnaire had to be considered (Heale & Twycross, 2015). The term validity explains how well the data ...Quantitative Market Research is a technique to ask questions to the target audience in an organized manner using surveys, polls or questionnaires. Received responses can be analyzed to make well-thought decisions for improving products and services, that will in turn help increase respondent satisfaction levels.Let’s explore these five types of quantitative research in detail. 1. Descriptive Research Design. Descriptive research is used to understand a phenomenon, a situation, or a population. Unlike experimental research, descriptive research does not involve the manipulation of certain variables.Quantitative research design is an excellent way of finalizing results and proving or disproving a hypothesis. The structure has not changed for centuries, so is standard across many scientific fields and disciplines. After statistical analysis of the results, a comprehensive answer is reached, and the results can be legitimately discussed and ...Qualitative vs. Quantitative Data Collection. As qualitative and quantitative studies collect different data, their data collection methods differ considerably. Quantitative studies rely on numerical or measurable data. In contrast, qualitative studies rely on personal accounts or documents that illustrate in detail how people think or respond ...Quantitative Research involves the use of computational, statistical, and mathematical tools to derive results. It is conclusive in its purpose as it tries to quantify the problem and understand how prevalent it is by looking for projectable results to a larger population. On the other hand, qualitative research is generally more explorative, a ...A correlational research design investigates relationships between variables without the researcher controlling or manipulating any of them. A correlation reflects the strength and/or direction of the relationship between two (or more) variables. The direction of a correlation can be either positive or negative. Positive correlation.A quantitative approach was seen as the best method to reach a large portion of the targeted population. According to Adedoyin (2020), quantitative research is known as the study of phenomena ...

Being qualitative research instead of quantitative research should not be used as an assessment criterion if it is used irrespectively of the research problem at hand. Similarly, qualitative research should not be required to be combined with quantitative research per se – unless mixed methods research is judged as inherently better than .... Comical weapon

quantitative research is

2.Research is the process of making claims and then refining or aban - doning some of them for other claims more strongly warranted. Most quantitative research, for example, starts with the test of a theory. 3.Data, evidence, and rational considerations shape knowledge. In practice, the researcher collects information on instruments basedQualitative and Quantitative Research. In general, quantitative research seeks to understand the causal or correlational relationship between variables through testing hypotheses, whereas qualitative research seeks to understand a phenomenon within a real-world context through the use of interviews and observation.Quantitative research is based on the collection and interpretation of numeric data. It focuses on measuring (using inferential statistics ) and generalizing results. In terms of digital experience data, it puts everything in terms of numbers (or discrete data )—like the number of users clicking a button, bounce rates , time on site, and more.quantitative research, different types and assumptions of quantitative research, when to use and not to use quantitative methods, advantages, common approaches and samples of quantitative research, and common misconceptions. Besides, a set of criteria for evaluating quantitative research proposal is provided. The main focus is on the ...No matter the field of study, all research can be divided into two distinct methodologies: qualitative and quantitative research. Both methodologies offer education researchers important insights. Education research assesses problems in policy, practices, and curriculum design, and it helps administrators identify solutions.Quantitative research is useful in order to gain an understanding of the underlying opinions, motivations, and reasons. It gives insights into the problems. Also, quantitative research helps to develop ideas and hypotheses, whereas qualitative research is useful in uncovering trends, ideas and opinions, and gives deeper insights into the problem.Quantitative Market Research is a technique to ask questions to the target audience in an organized manner using surveys, polls or questionnaires. Received responses can be analyzed to make well-thought decisions for improving products and services, that will in turn help increase respondent satisfaction levels.quantitative research, different types and assumptions of quantitative research, when to use and not to use quantitative methods, advantages, common approaches and samples of quantitative research, and common misconceptions. Besides, a set of criteria for evaluating quantitative research proposal is provided. The main focus is on the ...The following precedes the different types of Quantitative research types with the description of each. 1. Survey Research. Survey Research is the most elementary tool for all sorts of quantitative research techniques. The very most important purpose of the research is to widely explain the characteristics of a particular group or a bunch of ...Mixed methods research combines elements of quantitative research and qualitative research in order to answer your research question. Mixed methods can help you gain a more complete picture than a standalone quantitative or qualitative study, as it integrates benefits of both methods. Mixed methods research is often used in the behavioral ...Qualitative Observation is a process of research that uses subjective methodologies to gather systematic information or data. Since, the focus on qualitative observation is the research process of using subjective methodologies to gather information or data.Quantitative Research Design & Methods Topics Types of quantitative research Measurement Fundamentals Concepts and construct validity Levels of measurement Research Validity Quantitative Research Measurement Fundamentals A key difference is that normal science deals with concepts that are well defined and to great extent standardized measures (e.g. speed, distance, volume, weight, size, etc.)Qualitative research is a methodology designed to collect non-numerical data to gain insights. It is non-statistical and unstructured or semi-structured. It relies on data collected based on a research design that answers the question “why.”. Qualitative data collects information that seeks to describe a topic more than measure it.Quantitative research is a way to conduct studies and examine data for trends and patterns. Researchers using quantitative methods often attempt to interpret the meaning of the data to find potential causal relationships between different variables. If you want to work in research, understanding this style can help you study issues through data ...Quantitative research is the methodology which researchers use to test theories about people’s attitudes and behaviors based on numerical and statistical evidence. Researchers sample a large number of users (e.g., through surveys) to indirectly obtain measurable, bias-free data about users in relevant situations. quantitative research, different types and assumptions of quantitative research, when to use and not to use quantitative methods, advantages, common approaches and samples of quantitative research, and common misconceptions. Besides, a set of criteria for evaluating quantitative research proposal is provided. The main focus is on the ...Quantitative Research involves the use of computational, statistical, and mathematical tools to derive results. It is conclusive in its purpose as it tries to quantify the problem and understand how prevalent it is by looking for projectable results to a larger population. On the other hand, qualitative research is generally more explorative, a ...One way to examine research methods is by considering some of the assumptions behind them: Assumptions underlying quantitative methods. Some general assumptions are characteristic of quantitative research: reality is objective, “out there,” and independent of the researcher; reality is something that can be studied objectively;.

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